Botsvāna

Botsvāna, valsts Dienvidāfrikas centrā. Teritorija ir aptuveni trīsstūrveida - aptuveni 600 jūdzes (965 km) no ziemeļiem uz dienvidiem un 600 jūdzes no austrumiem uz rietumiem - ar tās austrumu pusi izvirzītu asu punktu. Tās austrumu un dienvidu robežu iezīmē upju kursi un vecs vagonu ceļš; tās rietumu robežas ir garuma un platuma līnijas cauri Kalahari, un tās ziemeļu robežas apvieno taisnas līnijas ar upes kursu. Botsvānas robežās ir daudz savvaļas dzīvnieku, ieskaitot daudzas zīdītāju, putnu, rāpuļu, abinieku un zivju sugas.

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Pirms neatkarības iegūšanas 1966. gadā Botsvāna bija Lielbritānijas protektorāts, kas pazīstams kā Bechuanaland. Tā bija arī viena no nabadzīgākajām un vismazāk attīstītajām valstīm pasaulē. Valsts ir nosaukta pēc tās dominējošās etniskās grupas Tswana (vecāka varianta ortogrāfijas “Bechuana”). Kopš neatkarības atgūšanas Botsvānas Republika ir ieguvusi starptautisku nozīmi kā mierīga un arvien plaukstošāka demokrātiska valsts. Tā ir Apvienoto Nāciju Organizācijas, Sadraudzības, Āfrikas Savienības (ĀS) un Dienvidāfrikas attīstības kopienas (SADC) locekle. SADC sekretariāts atrodas Botsvānas galvaspilsētā Gaboronē (līdz 1969. gadam Gaberones, ti, Gaborones pilsēta, uzrakstīja pēc cilts priekšnieka, kura kolonijas laikā viņa galvaspilsēta atradās šajā vietā).

Zeme

Botswana is bounded by Namibia to the west and north (the Caprivi Strip), Zambia and Zimbabwe to the northeast, and South Africa to the southeast and south. The Zambezi River border with Zambia is only several hundred yards long. The border along the main channel of the Chobe River up to the Zambezi was disputed with Namibia until a 1999 ruling by the International Court of Justice favoured Botswana. The point at which the borders of Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe meet in the middle of the river has never been precisely determined.

Relief

Botswana extends from the Chobe River (which drains through the Zambezi to the Indian Ocean) in the north to the Molopo River (part of the Orange River system, which flows into the Atlantic) in the south. To the east it is bordered by the Limpopo River and its tributaries, the Ngotwane (Notwani), Marico (Madikwe), and Shashe.

The country has a mean altitude of 3,300 feet (1,000 metres) and consists largely of a sand-filled basin, with gently undulating plains rising to highlands in neighbouring countries. The highest point is 4,888 feet (1,490 metres) in the hills north of Lobatse in southeastern Botswana; the lowest point is 2,170 feet (660 metres) at the country’s easternmost point, in the Limpopo valley.

The country is divided into three main environmental regions. The hardveld region consists of rocky hill ranges and areas of shallow sand cover in eastern Botswana. The sandveld region is the area of deep Kalahari sand covering the rest of the country. The third region consists of ancient lake beds superimposed on the northern sandveld in the lowest part of the Kalahari Basin.

Geologic exploration has been limited by the depth and extent of Kalahari sand covering the surface geology. The rock groups underlying most of the sandveld are therefore the least-known but appear to be the youngest, belonging to the Karoo (Karroo) System, formed 290 to 208 million years ago. Elsewhere, Precambrian rock formations predominate. The surface geology of the eastern hardveld, exposed in its hill ranges, largely consists of basement complex rocks (more than 2.5 billion years old) intruding from northern South Africa and southern Zimbabwe. This complex is known to extend into younger rock formations (2.5 to 1.2 billion years old) in the extreme southern sandveld, while rocks of the Ghanzi and Damara groups (1.2 billion to 570 million years old) extend across the northwest corner of the country into northern Namibia.

Drainage

Drainage through the marshes of the Okavango delta is complex and imperfectly understood. The perennial Okavango River runs southward into its delta across the Caprivi Strip from the highlands of Angola. Most of its water evaporates from the 4,000 square miles (10,000 square km) of the delta wetlands. Floodwater reaches down through the eastern side of the marshes to the Boteti River, which flows sporadically to Lake Xau (Dow) and the Makgadikgadi Pans (also roughly 4,000 square miles in area). Less and less water flowed through the western side of the Okavango marshes during the 20th century, so that the 70-square-mile (180-square-km) Lake Ngami—famous a century ago—is today dry and almost unrecognizable as a lake. Meanwhile, the eastern Makgadikgadi Pans are flooded annually by the otherwise ephemeral Nata River from the Zimbabwe highlands, while the southern tributaries of the pans are now dry fossil valleys.

The Molopo River and its Ramatlhabama tributary, on the southern border of Botswana with a course flowing into the Orange River, today rarely flood more than 50 miles (80 km) from their sources. Most rivers in Botswana are ephemeral channels, usually not flowing aboveground except in the summer rainy season. The two great exceptions to this rule are vigorous channels fed by the rains of central Africa—the Okavango River above its delta and the Chobe River flowing through its marshes along the northern border to join the Zambezi above the Victoria Falls.

Soils

The soils of the eastern hardveld consist of moderately dry red loamy mokata soils on the plains, or mixed chalky and sandy chawana soils, with brownish rocky seloko soils on and around hills. Seloko soils are considered best for grain crops. The fertility of all soils is limited by the amount of rainfall, which is sometimes inadequate on the hardveld and regularly unable to support any cultivation on the sandveld.

The alluvial soils of the ancient lake beds include gray loamy soils in the wetlands, gray-green saline soils on the pans, gray clayish soils to yellowish sandy soils around the wetlands, and very chalky light gray soils around the pans. There are also areas of gray to black cracking clay in former wet areas, such as those around Pandamatenga.