Satura rādītājs:
Sam Rayburn, pilnībā Samuel Taliaferro Rayburn, (dzimis 1882. gada 6. janvārī, Roane apgabalā, Tenn., ASV - miris 1961. gada 16. novembrī Bonhamā, Teksasā), amerikāņu politiskais līderis, kurš kalpoja kā ASV nama priekšsēdētājs Pārstāvji gandrīz 17 gadus. Pirmoreiz viņu ievēlēja namā 1912. gadā un tur nepārtraukti strādāja 48 gadus 8 mēnešus, kas viņa nāves brīdī bija rekords. Viņš tika ievēlēts kongresā 25 reizes pēc kārtas. Rayburn House biroja ēka, kas bija kongresa biroja ēka Kapitolija kalnā, tika nosaukta viņa atmiņā.
Viktorīna
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Dzīve
Raiburnu ģimene, kas galvenokārt ir skotu izcelsme, 1887. gadā pārcēlās no Tenesī uz Teksasu, un tur Rayburn uzauga 40 akru fermā. Viņš strādāja caur Teksasas Austrumu parasto koledžu (tagad Teksasas A&M universitāte - komercija), mācīja skolu un kļuva par juristu. Sešus gadus (1907–13) viņš bija Teksasas Pārstāvju palātā un 1911. gadā tika ievēlēts par runātāju. Nākamajā gadā viņu ievēlēja ASV Kongresā, kur viņš palika gandrīz pusgadsimtu.
Enerģisks, studējošs, ambiciozs un draudzīgs Rayburn ātri kļuva ietekmīgs aizkulisēs valdībā un partiju politikā. Kā spēcīgās Starpvalstu un ārējās tirdzniecības palātu komitejas priekšsēdētājs (1931–37) viņš bija nozīmīgs New Deal arhitekts. Kā Pārstāvju palātas loceklis viņš bija sešu svarīgu likumu līdzautors - Likums par ārkārtas dzelzceļa pārvadājumiem, Likums par patiesību vērtspapīros, Likums par biržu, Federālais komunikāciju likums, Lauku elektrifikācijas likums un viens. no visspēcīgāk apstrīdētajiem visiem New Deal likumiem, Sabiedrisko pakalpojumu holdinga likums.
Rayburn was elected Democratic leader of the House of Representatives in 1937 and became speaker of the House on Sept. 16, 1940. He held the latter office for almost 17 years, exceeding by a wide margin the previous record set by Kentucky statesman Henry Clay in the first quarter of the 19th century. Noted for his tart common sense, his honesty, and his unflagging patriotism, Rayburn was a trusted adviser to Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and John F. Kennedy. A dedicated party man who described himself as a Democrat “without prefix, without suffix, and without apology,” Rayburn was often called “Mr. Democrat.” He was permanent chairman of the Democratic National Convention in 1948, 1952, and 1956. After he won the battle in 1961 to enlarge the House Committee on Rules—the hardest internal House struggle in 50 years—Rayburn’s health failed quickly. Before Congress adjourned that year, he went home to Bonham, Texas, where he died.
Legacy
At the time of his death, Rayburn was regarded as an extraordinarily able legislator who had gone on to become the most effective speaker of the House since Joe Cannon was divested of his power in 1910. That assessment of Rayburn did not change in the decades following his death. His pivotal role in the House as a broker between the Northern and Southern wings of the Democratic Party, however, was later better understood and appreciated. During Rayburn’s tenure, power in the House was lodged in the hands of committee chairs who gained their positions through seniority. Because the American South still was overwhelmingly Democratic and the Republican Party was not competitive there, Southern Democrats in the House—with their seniority and their control over chairs of committees—tended to have great power. Northern Democrats tended to be more liberal than their Southern counterparts, but their lack of seniority and committee chairs diminished their influence in the House. Rayburn brokered the interests of both wings of the Democratic Party.
Although the office of speaker at that time lacked great formal powers, Rayburn used the limited influence of the office to maximum advantage. He also relied heavily on his personal prestige, his skill at persuasion, and personal friendships built up over decades in the House to bridge the regional differences within the Democratic Party and to forge a working majority in the House. His leadership style usually resulted in congenial relations not only between the Northern and Southern wings of the Democratic Party but also between Rayburn and the Republican leadership of the House—a considerable accomplishment, especially when viewed in the light of the divisive House of Representatives in the early 21st century.
